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- <text id=93CT1590>
- <title>
- Antigua & Barbuda--History
- </title>
- <history>
- Compact ALMANAC--CIA Factbook
- Caribbean
- Antigua And Barbuda
- </history>
- <article>
- <source>CIA World Factbook</source>
- <hdr>
- History
- </hdr>
- <body>
- <p> Inhabited first by the Siboney ("stone people"), whose
- settlements date at last to 2400 B.C., Antigua was host to the
- peaceful Arawak people between about A.D. 35 and 1100. The
- Arawak originally inhabited Venezuela and gradually migrated up
- the chain of islands now called the Lesser Antilles. The warlike
- Carib people drove out the Arawak from strongholds on
- neighboring islands but apparently did not settle on either
- Antigua or Barbuda.
- </p>
- <p> Christopher Columbus discovered the islands in 1493, naming
- the larger one "Santa Maria de la Antigua." Both French and
- Spanish colonists, primarily missionaries, attempted to settle
- on the island but were discouraged by the menacing Caribs and
- the absence of natural freshwater springs. The English
- successfully colonized in 1632. Although held briefly by the
- French in 1666, Antigua and its dependencies, Barbuda and
- Redonda, remained thereafter under British control.
- </p>
- <p> Sir Christopher Codrington established the first large sugar
- estate in Antigua in 1674, and leased Barbuda to raise
- provisions for his plantations. Barbuda's only village is named
- for him. Codrington and others brought slaves from Africa's west
- coast to work the plantations. To exploit the land for sugarcane
- production, plantation owners cleared the forest and woods.
- Today, many Antiguans blame frequent droughts on the islands
- lack of trees to attract rainfall.
- </p>
- <p> Antiguan slaves were emancipated in 1834 but remained bound
- to their plantation owners. Economic opportunities for the new
- freemen were limited by a lack of surplus farming land, no
- access to credit, and an economy built on agriculture rather
- than manufacturers. Poor labor conditions persisted until 1939,
- when a member of a Royal Commission urged the formation of a
- trade union movement. The Antigua Trades and Labor Union, formed
- shortly afterward, became the political vehicle for Vere
- Cornwall Bird, who became the union's president in 1943. The
- Antigua Labour Party (ALP), formed by bird and other trade
- unionists, first ran candidates in the 1946 elections, beginning
- a long history of electoral victories. Voted out of office in
- the 1971 general elections that swept the Progressive Labor
- Movement into power; Bird and the ALP returned to office in
- 1976. Prime Minister Bird's ALP government has led the country
- since and won a renewed mandate in the general elections of
- April 1984.
- </p>
- <p>Political Conditions
- </p>
- <p> As head of the Commonwealth, Queen Elizabeth II is
- represented in Antigua and Barbuda by a governor general, who
- acts on the advice of the prime minister and the Cabinet. The
- prime minister is the leader of the majority party of the House,
- and the Cabinet conducts affairs of state. Antigua and Barbuda
- has a bicameral legislature: a 17-member Upper House or Senate
- appointed by the governor general (mainly on the advice of the
- prime minister and the leader of the opposition) and a 17-member
- popularly elected House of Representatives. The prime minister
- and the Cabinet are responsible to the Parliament, which has a
- normal life of 5 years.
- </p>
- <p> Antiguans have enjoyed a long history of free and fair
- elections in which, from time to time, the government changes
- peacefully. In the April 1984 elections, the ruling Antigua
- Labor Party won all but one of the 17 seats in parliament (the
- other was captured by an Independent from Barbuda).
- </p>
- <p> Constitutional safeguards include freedom of speech, press,
- worship, movement, and association. Like its neighbors in the
- English-speaking Caribbean, Antigua and Barbuda has an
- outstanding human rights record. Its judicial system is modeled
- on British practice and procedure and its jurisprudence on
- English Common Law.
- </p>
- <p> The Royal Antigua Police Force is a constabulary of about
- 300 personnel. Antigua also has a defense force of about 115
- personnel that participates in the Eastern Caribbean Regional
- Security System (RSS). The Antiguan Government is a member of
- the Organization of Eastern Caribbean States (OECS) and
- committed elements of both forces to assist OECS-sponsored
- multinational rescue mission in Grenada in October 1983. At the
- request of the Government of Grenada, Antiguan forces stayed on
- until spring of 1985 to support the multinational Caribbean
- Peace Force.
- </p>
- <p>Source: U.S. Department of State, Bureau of Public Affairs,
- May 1988.
- </p>
-
- </body>
- </article>
- </text>
-
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